POLAZNE CRTE U SREDOZEMNOME MORU: s posebnim osvrtom na pitanje korekcije ravnih polaznih crta Republike Hrvatske. (Croatian)

This paper analyses the implementation of the rules of international law of the sea relating to the outer limits of the internal waters in the practice of Mediterranean coastal states. In addition to national legislation by which normal or straight baselines are defined in front of their coastlines, special consideration is given to issues relating to the enclosure of historic bays, especially those of significant width, claimed by Italy (Gulf of Taranto) and Libya (Gulf of Sidra). Although the conventions on the law of the sea have explicitly recognized the existence of historical bays, they have failed to regulate the conditions for the establishment of legal title on historical basis, thus leaving them in the domain of customary international law. The largest deviations occur in the drawing of straight baselines, from which the breadth of territorial waters is measured. Rules contained in Article 7 of the 1982 Convention (i.e. Article 4 of the Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone) were observed only by several of the nineteen Mediterranean states applying the method. As especially questionable, emphasis should be given on straight baselines drawn by Albania, Italy, Egypt and Spain, whose coastlines in the greatest part cannot be considered deeply indented and cut into, or fringed by islands. As an example of straight baselines that fulfill all conditions laid down by international law in the sense of their application, we need to stress the straight baselines from which the breadth of the territorial waters of the Republic of Croatia is measured. However, since they have been drawn restrictively, some remote Croatian islands remained outside their reach, so that the areas between them and the mainland remain outside the legal regime of internal waters. Therefore the Croatian state territory at sea nowadays does not encompass all areas allowed by international law. The question of a partial correction of straight baselines for measuring the breadth of the Croatian territorial sea has also been considered from the technical point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

U radu se analizira primjena pravila međunarodnoga prava mora o vanjskim granicama unutrašnjih morskih voda u praksi obalnih država Sredozemlja. Uz nacionalne propise kojima su defi nirane normalne ili ravne polazne crte ispred njihovih obala, s pozornošću se razmatraju i pitanja vezana uz zatvaranje historijskih zaljeva, posebice onih znatnije širine koje su proglasile Italija (Tarantski zaljev) i Libija (zaljev Sidra). Iako su konvencije o pravu mora izričito priznale postojanje tih zaljeva, propustile su urediti uvjete za nastanak pravnog naslova po historijskoj osnovi, ostavljajući ih u domeni međunarodnog običajnog prava. Najveća odstupanja od konvencijskih odredbi razvidna su u pogledu povlačenja ravnih polaznih crta od kojih se mjeri širina teritorijalnih mora. Pravila sadržana u članku 7. Konvencije iz 1982. (odnosno u članku 4. Konvencije o teritorijalnome moru i vanjskom pojasu) poštivala je samo nekolicina od čak devetnaest sredozemnih zemalja koje su primijenile tu metodu. Kao posebno upitne ističu se ravne polazne crte Albanije, Egipta, Italije i Španjolske, čije obale se najvećim dijelom ne mogu smatrati razvedenima i duboko usječenima ili obrubljenima otoci ma. Kao primjer ravnih polaznih crta koje ispunjavaju sve uvjete što ih međunarodno pravo postavlja u pogledu njihove primjene, izdvajaju se ravne polazne Republike Hrvatske. Međutim, s obzirom da su povučene restriktivno, izvan njihovoga obuhvata ostali su udaljeni hrvatski otoci, pa prostori između njih i kopna nisu obuhvaćeni pravnim režimom unutrašnjih morskih voda. Stoga hrvatsko državno područje na moru danas ne obuhvaća sav međunarodnopravno dopustiv prostor. Pitanje djelomične korekcije ravnih polaznih crta od kojih se mjeri širina hrvatskoga teritorijalnog mora razmatra se i sa tehničkog stajališta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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