Las fragmentadas memorias públicas de la Gran Guerra Patria en Ucrania (1991-2022). (Spanish)

From the second decade of the 21st century onwards, debates about the memory of the Second World War in Ukraine and Russia radicalised. However, the underpining tensions dated back to the 1990s. In post-1991 independent Urakine, memory politics oscillated between two poles. On the one hand, the nationalisation of the Soviet myths about the Great Patriotic War (1941-45), and their subsequent adaptation to Ukrainan national narrative. This became evident when russophone and national-communist parties ruled. On the other hand, ethnic views of the Ukrainian past took the lead when nationalist and ukrainophone parties governed. This included the restoration of the memory of Ukrainian "freedom fighters" of the 1940s, who were to a great extent characterised by pro-Fascist and anti-semitic views. An additional emphasis was put on the commemoration of the Ukrainian famine of 1932-3 and its interpretation as a genocide, while Jewish victims of the Holocaust on Ukrainian soil were barely remembered. This article addresses the evolution of the memory battles in Ukraine about the Second World War, and also highlights the emergence of some trends that may reconcile different sensitivities of the fragmented collective memories of the recent past in Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Desde la segunda década del siglo xxi, las disputas sobre la memoria de la II Guerra Mundial en Ucrania y Rusia se han radicalizado, pero las tensiones subyacentes venían de la década de 1990. En la Ucrania independiente desde 1991 las políticas de la memoria oscilaron entre dos polos. Por un lado, la "nacionalización" de los mitos soviéticos de la Gran Guerra Patria (1941-45), y su adaptación a parte de la narrativa nacionalista ucraniana, patente sobre todo cuando gobernaron partidos rusófonos o nacionalcomunistas, y por otro lado, cuando gobernaban partidos nacionalistas con arraigo en Ucrania occidental, el rechazo al pasado soviético y el énfasis en los precedentes de independencia del país, así como la actitud benévola hacia los nacionalistas y colaboracionistas ucranianos de 1941-45, de tendencia pronazi y antisemita. A eso se unía la visión del Holodomor de 1932-33 como un genocidio, y las dificultades para incorporar a las víctimas ucranianas de la Shoah en las políticas del recuerdo. Este artículo analiza la evolución de las disputas histórico-memorialísticas en Ucrania alrededor de la II Guerra Mundial, así como las posibles áreas de consenso entre las distintas sensibilidades hacia la memoria colectiva de la II Guerra Mundial en Ucrania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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