高峰會在歐盟決策體系中的主導地位—以2014年烏克蘭危機與制裁俄羅斯為例 ; Leadership of the European Council in the EU Decision-Making: The 2014 Ukraine Crisis and Sanctions against Russia

自馬斯垂克條約以來，高峰會權限不斷獲得擴大，更是後里斯本時代的政治決策重心。條約正式將其納入歐盟機關並設置常任主席，使得高峰會得以主導歐盟議題的設定，而處理接踵而來的各式危機，鞏固了高峰會在歐盟體制架構中的核心角色和領導地位。近年來，高峰會更成為歐盟對外制裁的發動者，每每在會議結論中明確要求執委會和理事會，依據領袖們的共同決議，完成制裁的相關規劃與實施。本文將瞭解歐盟對俄羅斯實施限制性措施的始末，審視會員國和歐盟機關的基本立場，分析政府領袖如何形成制裁的共識和做成集體決議，亦期藉歐盟高峰會在2014年烏克蘭危機中制裁俄羅斯作為個案，檢證新政府間主義論點的正確性。 ; Since the Treaty of Maastricht, the powers of the European Council have been expanded and have gradually become the center of political decision-making in the EU. The Lisbon Treaty which formally incorporates the summit into the EU institutions and establishes a permanent presidency have allowed the European Council to take the lead in setting EU agenda and dealing with crises that followed, reinforcing its central role and leadership in the EU institutional framework. In recent years, the European Council has become the initiator of the EU's sanctions, with the conclusions of each meeting explicitly requesting the Commission and the Council to complete the planning and implementation of sanctions regime in accordance with the leaders' joint decisions. In this article, we will explore EU's restrictive measures against Russia, examine the positions of member states and EU authorities, analyze how the government leaders formed a consensus on sanctions and made a collective decision. It is also expected that the sanctions imposed by the European Council against Russia in the 2014 Ukraine crisis will be used as a case to verify the arguments of the New Intergovernmentalism.