Research on Semi-presidentiem in Eastern Europe--Analysis of Constitutional System in Poland, Russia and Ukraine

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Since 1980’s to 1990’s, the Third Democratization of world swept across USSR, Eastern Europe and part of countries in Asia. At first, Poland took place the half open election of Sejm in 1989, affected most of all the countries in Eastern Europe and USSR, and then resulted these communist regimes to collapse, instead of electoral parliament and government. When these countries faced to democratization, most of them became a semi-presidential regime. This thesis focuses on analyzing the reason that why most of these regimes will change their institution, transit to a semi-presidential system of government? After choosing semi-presidential system, the operation and stability of institution of these emerging democratic regimes is another focus of the article. I selected new institutionism approach to research the theme, there are three emphases in this article, the first, I will analysis the reason why these countries selecting semi-presidential system. The second, I will observe the stability of the constitutional system of these emerging democratic regimes. The third, I will make a conclusion about semi-presidential system whether consolidate the democracy of the emerging regimes or not. Among many post-communist regimes in Eastern Europe, There are three reasons result me to select Poland, Russia and Ukraine as my studying goal. First of all, the three countries all are Slav nations, but they have different history and convention; and they have similar background before their regime transition, for example, the three countries all are ruled by totalitarian before democratization. Finally, even though they all selected semi-presidential system when they are transformation, but the development and experience of their institution’s operation and stability are apparent different. This article will analyze the reason that result this position. This thesis also confers the comparison of three countries, I compare the position of their democratic consolidation since they are democratization from 1989 to present. After comparing, I found some viewpoints among them. First of all, just from the effect and process of transformation, Poland is the best, and Ukraine is better than Russia. And then, I found the theory of Giovanni Sartori about semi-presidential system is not absolutely accurate. Satori stand for the oscillation effect is the character of semi-presidential regime that is the government power will depend on the result of parliamentary election and oscillate between president and parliament. But according to my research, I found the oscillation effect is just only the character of “premier-presidentialism” like Poland’s institution, not conclude Russia and Ukraine before Orange Revolution. The finally, I found that in many patterns of semi-presidential regimes in Eastern Europe, just “premier-presidentialism” will advantage democratic consolidation